Red Stag Casino is a relatively new online casino that uses the WGS Technology software and welcomes players from. 1st Deposit Bonus: 400% up to $500 - Video Slots, Slots, Keno and Scratch Cards. 36 Clicks. Use the code 39TIME in order to get a 39 free spins on Turkey Time. Casino bonus code for High Noon Casino. Legitimate for: Use the code upon registration. No deposit bonus code at Red Stag Casino. GAMES. Get bonus *This offer might be expired. Main Blog Page Best. Max Cashout: $100. Max Bonus: $2500. $100 Tournament for Red Stag Casino. top of page. RS15 . Qualifying order must include min: $25 – $1000. 1st bonus code: FREE8 . Nov 23, 2023 Redeem our FreeSpin Casino no deposit bonus codes for a $35 free chip, 40 free spins, and other bonuses. $45 No deposit bonus. Welcome Bonus Code: USACASINO. Entering Bonus Codes. Playthrough: 30x (Deposit and Bonus) Maximum Withdrawal: No limit. 25 free spins on Achilles Slot for all recent depositors. We have collected the best no deposit bonus codes available in Australia. $75 Free Chip. More. WGS. R200 No Deposit Bonus for all gamers Playthrough: 60xB Max Money-Out: R500. $100 Maximum Withdrawal. Only players who opened their account at the casino through chipy. More bonuses for Red Stag Casino. Make a Deposit Bonus with 4000WIN. Deposit $25 with the code TOP2023PICKS-2 and get 150% match bonus + 100 free spins on Icy Hot Multi Game. Wagering: 20x. Bonus valid until: 2021-01-31. Red Dog Casino; Red Stag Casino; Rich Casino; Royal Ace Casino; Ruby Slots Casino; Silver Oak Casino; Silversands Casino;Outlook for Brands Red Dog Casino: $50 No Deposit Bonus Code [100+ Free Spins, 320% Slots Promo Code] Red Dog Casino is a credible and user-friendly platform for gamers of all experience levels. Red Stag Casino Bonus Code: TS37POKIES. Sent by rena35. LV $22 No Deposit Bonus; Planet 7 Casino Coupon Code $65 Free Chip; SlotoCash $31 No Deposit bonus; Palace of Chance No Deposit Bonus $100; Cool Cat Casino No Deposit Bonus $100; Red Stag. The match bonus has wagering 30 times the deposit + bonus amount. Exclusive $100 No Deposit Bonus. Your bonus code: WISHSPINS. Red Stag Casino is offering €/$ 5 No Deposit Bonus to all new members who register using bonus code FIVESTAGS! Don’t miss out on an opportunity to explore this thrilling online casino by playing any slot games in its library. $15 No deposit bonus ( no deposit required ) 60 times playthrough. First Deposit Bonus No Deposit Bonus Free Chip Free Spins Free Play Match Bonus. Red Stag Casino No Deposit Bonus Code: RS15. 40X Wagering requirements. Code: CROCOBOOST. $150 Maximum CashOut. Miami Jackpots. $18 No Deposit Bonus for new avid gamers Playthrough: 60xB Max Money-Out: $100. $2500 + 500 Free Spins +1. Get bonus Read Review. This offer works 22 – 24 November, 2023. Everygame Casino Fair Go Casino Ozwin Casino SlotoCash Red Stag Casino Grande Vegas Casino Royal Ace Casino Jupiter Club Casino Wild Casino Bucks Empire Play Croco Casino Miami. Code: CHIPY10GIFT. 2nd Deposit Match Bonus of 175% up to $350 plus 100 Welcome Spins on Fat Cat. Welcome Bonus Code: BSCUSACASINO. 2nd Deposit Match Bonus of 175% up to $350 plus 100. The codes must be redeemed in order. Games allowed: Non-Progressive Slots only ( excluding RTG777 ), Keno, and Video Poker. Red Stag Casino New players can get a bone-chilling $6 no deposit FREE chip to play Helena’s Haunted House with the no deposit code: HELENAS6! A devilishly generous 666% match sign-up bonus is yours. Just open the Deposit tab at the top of. 99 deposit. $50 free. To get this offer, all you have to do is sign up using the bonus code ‘’FHM100’’. ** If yоur last transaction wаs а free bonus рlеаsе mаkе а dероsit bеfоrе using this casino bonus. Red Stag Casino New players no deposit bonus. Red stag $100 no deposit code 2021. 5. Expiration date: 11/28/2017. $100 Free Chip for Existing players Wager: 30xB Max Cash Out: Expires on 2023-10-09. $179 Tournament at Red Stag Casino. On the “Bonuses” tab, click on the “Enter Code” button. Red Stag Casino VISIT. Red Stag Casino Match Bonus. Red stag casino free spins, red stag $100 no deposit code 2020 Red stag casino free spins Red stag casino free spins Bitcoin Slot Casino Security, Licensing, and Banking Protocols. Maximum Cash-Out: $500. red stag $100 no deposit code. The bonus requires a minimum deposit of $50. CLAIM BONUS. $100 Max CashOut. Red Stag Casino Bonus Code: TS37POKIES. Expires today Expires today. 60X Wager. 35 Free Spins No Deposit Bonus + 250% Welcome Bonus. Get $15 Free No Deposit Bonus with code RS15 . 25 Free Spins at Palace of Chance. Red Stag Casino. Red Stag Casino $15 Free Bonus. $200 No Deposit Bonus Codes and 200 Free Spins Australia 2023. 60X Wagering requirements. 2nd bonus code: CB2DEP . To qualify for this bonus offer you need to sign up with the. $100 Free Chip for Existing players Playthrough: 30xB Max Cash-Out: Expires on 2023-11-20. Exclusive New Lucky Elf Casino Free Spins: 40 on Sunny Coin 2: Hold the Spin. Join. Read more. Read all the latest. Boost your crypto deposit with this Lucky Red Casino bonus code (CRYPTO80) For those that prefer to use crypto to pay, this promotion is one you shouldn’t miss. Find best and new welcome bonuses, promo codes, and no deposit bonuses in November 2023 on. Minimal deposit necessities: $25. Bonus codes, Red Stag Casino $100 no deposit bonus. If your last transaction was a free bonus please make a deposit before using this bonus. $150 Maximum Cashout. List of the TOP Free Spins No Deposit 2023 Bonus Codes ️ CasinosAnalyzer™️ ️ All TOP Casino Free Spins Bonuses ️ Popular & Exclusive Bonuses ️ Keep What Win Bonuses ️ Play Smarter, Analyze Faster. If you made a deposit prior to this, you cannot claim this promotion. Redeem the bonus code at the casino cashier. New bonus codes; 1057 Online casino list; 951 Instant play casinos; 137 Exclusive bonuses; 379 No deposit casinos; 79 Mobile casinos; 1 Bitcoin casinos; Discussion forum; 200 Gambling news; 14 Affiliate programs;No Max Cash-Out. 8/5. No code required. 30x on Slots, 60x for Table Games and Video Poker. Centred around stags and buffalos, this animal-themed online casino brings a unique atmosphere. 2nd bonus code: CB1000. Good if you have made a deposit in the last 30 days. 40X Wager. 4000WIN – 400% up to $4,000 deposit bonus. $100 no deposit bonus free at Red Stag Casino February 13, 2019 Red Stag Casino Bonuses: 1752 Bonus valid for new and existing players. Log in. Minimum deposit requirements: $25. $100 Minimum/Maximum Withdrawal. Requirement to Release. Make a deposit of at least $20 and redeem the Bovada bonus code CAWELCOME100. European Players: Bonuses and Promotions require double wagering. 2nd Deposit Match Bonus of 200% up to $200 using code 200MATCH. $174 Event for Red Stag Casino. Read. $100 Max CashOut. Code: 30GIRLS. Your bonus code: CHANCE30. Games allowed: Blackjack, Craps, Keno, Roulette, Scratch Cards, Video Poker. Usually, these bonuses will be worth. Grande Vegas Casino: $36 Free Bonus. The bonus and free spin winnings can be. $35 no deposit casino bonus code for Slots of Vegas Casino. Claim this bonus at: Slotastic Casino Review Visit. To claim this 330% Deposit Bonus, make a minimum deposit of $50 and use the promo code COOLWELCOME. Multi Deposits Breakdown: 1st Deposit Match Bonus of 275% up to $550 plus 100 Welcome Spins on Dolphin Reef. 400% Deposit Bonus Offer. No Deposit Codes. ; And now with the new Ignition Casino Bitcoin Bonus Code, you. The maximum withdrawal from this bonus is $100. In order to claim this bonus, either make a $25 deposit with a Crypto Currency or with a credit card, or a $10 one with other depositing methods. Red Stag Casino No Deposit Bonus Codes. Planet 7 No Deposit Bonus Codes; Palace of Chance No Deposit Bonus Code $100; Raging Bull No Deposit Bonus Codes; Cherry Gold No Deposit Bonus Codes; BoVegas No Deposit Bonus Codes; Uptown Aces No Deposit Bonus Codes; Sloto Cash No Deposit Bonus Codes; Red Stag No Deposit Bonus Codes; Desert Nights No Deposit Bonus Codes No withdrawal limits for the match! Use the code FREE8 to receive $8 free bonus. No withdrawal limits for the match! Use the code FREE8 to receive $8 free bonus. No Deposit Bonus Code: SOV25 – $25 Free Chip. Bonus type Tournament For players New players and account holders GAMES ALLOWED Slots. SlotoCash $31 No Deposit bonus. 60X Wager. Cool Cat Casino No Deposit Bonus $100; Red Stag Casino No Deposit Bonus Codes; Slots of Vegas No Deposit Bonus $25; Raging Bull No Deposit Bonus Codes;Redeem Coupon Code. Code TRIANGLE is redeemable 1x for new players and the free spin winnings have a WR of 20x. The amount of money won from the free spins constitutes your bonus amount. Code: GOBLIN375, GOBLIN290. $15 ( R150 ) No deposit bonus Games allowed: Slots, Scratch cards, Kenos 60X Wagering R500 Max CashOut Minimum deposit – Free. Telephone: 0800. Red Stag Casino Bonus Codes 2023 | Find the Best Red Stag Casino Coupons on Chipy. No deposit required. 0 / 0. Aunt Jackie's; Mielle Hair Care Range; Alikay Naturals Range; Shea. 159. The $44 Free Chip will have a wagering requirement of 70 times the amount of your bonus, making your total playthrough $3080. Valid for: WGS Goblins Gold Slot. This allows players to deposit $0 and play with a $50 Free Chip to try out the real money games at Red Dog Casino. Check the bonus. Get 425% match bonus up to $850 + 25 free spins on King Tiger when making a $25 deposit with the code 425KINGS. Worry no more; I’m Erik King from Crikeyslots, and I’m here to help you understand this bonus and everything you need to know about no deposit bonus codes in Australia. $60 Max CashOut. Deposit $1,000 to pick up the maximum allowed bonus of $3,500! Then on each of your next two deposits, you can claim the bonus code CHERRYSLOTS to get a 200% up to $2,000 bonus. The best part is that Cafe Casino’s no deposit bonus is CASHABLE! CAFE10 has a 60x WR and a max cashout limit of 12. BONUSES. We like this bonus because it is gets you 100 spins with the house minimum deposit of $25. $19 no deposit bonus Win A Day Casino $19 - LCBPTD. Max bet per hand: $10. No wagering. Amount: 25 Free Spins Play through: 35xB Valid for: All players. Good until 30 November, 2023. More from Red Stag Casino. $13. LIONSHARE: 40x B+D:. Get bonus Read Review. Bonuses. 15. $50 no deposit bonus. That means you only need deposit $100 to get a $400 bonus, and you only need deposit $375 in order to max out the offer. If we want to calculate the WR for a $100 deposit and 100ACES, a 100% deposit match bonus , this is how it gets calculated: ( $100 Bonus Amount + $100 Deposit Amount) x 1 5x Rollover = $3,000 Wagering Requirement Amount. Vegas2Web Casino . Level 0. Red Stag Casino. Red Stag Casino $10 No Deposit Bonus. Play Red Stag Casino. The bonus is valid for the following games: Turkey Time, WGS King Tiger. 2 - dugi won 4000 CB2 Coins. 1st bonus code: FREE8 $8 no deposit bonus 40X Wagering requirements $150 Maximum Cashout. $8 No Deposit for Red Stag Casino. Stay Casino: A$10 No Deposit. Certified - safe and fair Bitcoins accepted. Play UpTown Aces Casino. $10 – $30 Free chip for existing casino players Wagering: 20x(D+B) Expires on 2021-01-17. code: 50BJS . $10 – $30 Free Chip at Red Stag Casino. $150 Maximum Cashout. Get a 377% match bonus with this offer. 330% Deposit Bonus and 50 Free Spins. These had officially expired, but. No maximum cash out. January 20, 2021; EX10, EX15, EX30, Free Chip, WGS; $10 – $30 Free Chip for Red Stag Casino. Desert Nights Casino offers a 250% bonus for new players. Your bonus code: 100FREE . Expires on 2023-11-19. Red Dog Casino; Red Stag Casino; Rich Casino; Royal Ace Casino; Ruby Slots Casino; Silver Oak Casino; Silversands Casino;200% Match Bonus at UpTown Pokies Casino. Max cash out: No Max. Exclusive free casino bonus code for Slotastic Casino. Play Red Stag Casino. Make your first deposit of at least $25 using the code WELCOME1ST200 and get 200% match bonus. Redeem the code 425KINGS with a $25 deposit for 425% match bonus up to $850 + 25 free spins on King Tiger. Cool Cat Casino No Deposit Bonus $100; Red Stag Casino No Deposit Bonus Codes; Slots of Vegas No Deposit Bonus $25; Raging Bull No Deposit Bonus Codes;. Categories All, Keno, Match Bonus,. Red Dog Casino; Red Stag Casino; Rich Casino; Royal Ace Casino; Ruby Slots Casino; Silver Oak Casino;Cool Cat Casino No Deposit Bonus $100; Red Stag Casino No Deposit Bonus Codes; Slots of Vegas No Deposit Bonus $25; Raging Bull No Deposit Bonus Codes;. Magic Mushroom is a new game at Ruby Slots Casino and they’re promoting it with bonus code MUSHROOM. The deposit must be at least $25 and up to a maximum of $1,000. Play . The amount tends to be anywhere from $10 to $25. Expires on 2023-11-30. Expires on:. Wagering: 20x B+D. Bonus Code 4EVERSWEET: 350% Deposit Match Bonus Plus 30 Free Spins. $100 Free Chip at SlotoCash. Red stag mobile casino no deposit bonus code, red stag 50 no deposit bonus 2021 Red stag mobile casino no deposit bonus code Red stag mobile casino no deposit bonus code However, the casino site has sNo deposit bonus for Jackpot Wheel Casino. This bonus is valid for new and existing players. Free casino bonus code for Jupiter Club Casino. No Deposit Bonus Code: SOV25 – $25 Free Chip. Get. 🗿Welcome offer AU$ 4,000 +150FREE Spins in 3 bonuses. 40xB. Try Sector 777 with 120 free spins no deposit bonus. 1st bonus code: WILD1. Red Stag Casino Bonus Code: GOT300. There is no max cashout with this bonus. Roadhouse Reels Casino: No Max Cash-In Bonus of 99% up to $198. code: NO CODE REQUIRED The bonus will be available in the account. No Deposit Codes. Showing 456 Bonuses. Deposit just $30 and start playing with $150 in casino chips!Red Stag Casino . Code: FREE8, CB2DEP. $100 Max CashOut. Lion Slots Casino No Deposit and Free Spins Bonus Code List. Progressive games cannot be played with this bonus. The bonus may be valid for specific players. Bonus Code: 18CHIP. $100 No Deposit for Play Croco Casino. $30 Free No Deposit Bonus. Lincoln Casino welcomes new players with a No Deposit Bonus for $15 Free. No deposit bonuses help players try out new games without risking their own money. Bonus Info Code Wager Claim Bonus; $100 No Deposit Bonus. Instead of a $15 free chip you can also receive 100 free spins on sign up. Good till 30 November, 2023. To claim this promotion, go to the “Cashier” page by clicking on the “Deposit” icon, don’t worry no deposit will be required. Red Stag Casino $8 no deposit bonus code; 250% Bonus + 50 Free spins bonus Sloto Cash Casino; Uptown Aces and Sloto Cash 100 free spins bonus; Free Daily Lottery. Redeemable only once, you get a 300% deposit bonus with 50 free slot spins. Games allowed: Keno, Scratch Cards, Slots. WGS. Code: JYMP7 $15 + 15 FS No Deposit Bonus for all avid gamers Playthrough: 30xB Max Money-Out: $100. 400% Bitcoin Bonus 40X Wager requirements Max cash out: none Games allowed: slots, keno and scratch cards Minimum required. $10 no deposit bonus. 3. $25 No Deposit for INetBet Casino. Bovada Bonus Codes. $100 No Deposit Bonus for New players Wager: 60xB Max Cash Out: $180. The bonus is valid for players who have deposited in the validation period of the bonus. Red Stag Casino. The bonus can be redeemed 4 times. Red stag $100 no deposit code $2245 NO DEPOSIT BONUS at Red Stag - Casino Bonuses Sloto Cash Casino - Deposit $20, Get $100 FREE! Special bonus: €765 Online Casino Tournament on Xmas Joker. Code: 18FBCHIP. Red Stag Casino No Deposit Codes - No deposit casino bonus codes, free spins, free play bonuses Red Stag Casino No Deposit Codes $205 Tournament at Red Stag. Here is another deposit bonus for Cool Cats Casino that gives players a 330% Deposit Bonus for them to use on Keno & Slots and 50 Free Spins for Popinta. Webinars. Captain Jack Casino review. 0 / 0. $100 No Deposit Bonus at NewVegas Casino. Weekly 125% Deposit Bonus. Use the code CB2DEP and: Claim 150% match bonus with a $30 deposit. com, we feature the latest and best $200 bonuses, 200 free spins. SLBITCOIN150. 560% Match bonus + 300 free spins bonus at Red Stag Casino Deposit $25 or more Mobile: 280% (up to $560) + 200 free spins valid for Cool Bananas! Redeem the Cool Cat Casino no deposit bonus code 100NDBNCC and receive a $100 free chip, no deposit required! Play real money slots with your $100 no deposit bonus, courtesy of Cool Cat Casino! Redeem all 3 of our Cool Cat no deposit bonus codes for a total of $140 in free chips plus 20 free spins! 175 Free Spins + 375% bonus up to $750 at Red Stag Casino. 40X Wagering requirements. Up to 300% 1st Deposit. $18 No Deposit Bonus for new gamers Playthrough: 60xB Max Money-Out: $100. No Deposit Bonus: Updated: 2023 November, 14:. 2nd bonus code: MY400BC . $205 Tournament for Red Stag Casino. 25GIFT. Bonus Code No code required. November 20, 2023. Once the landing page loads in your browser, press the red “Play. 0. Sign up at Red Stag Casino today and receive 100 Free Spins on the Wheel of Chance slot as a no deposit bonus just for using the WOC100 bonus code. $100 max cash out. Offer Expires on 31 October, 2023. Combine No Deposit and Deposit Bonus Codes. December 2, 2021 ; Pyramid Treasur Slot, Tournament, WGS; $100 Tournament at Red Stag Casino. $25 No Deposit Bonus Code at Cool Cat: 25BANKROLL. The Wagering Requirements are x50 the bonus amount. $2150 Tournament at Red Stag Casino. Minimal deposit necessities: $30. 0. Playthrough: 40X; Maximum Cashout: $160; Game restrictions apply. Sort By: Best Value Popular New. The bonus is non cashable. Max cash out: 150$. $100 Maximum Withdrawal. Casinos. November 19, 2023 ;. This bonus is valid for: Cash Bandits Slot. No Deposit Cherry Gold created by the RTG platform, offering many video slots and all the great table games with a no deposit bonus of $20 and a great casino bonus up to $2220. Planet 7 Deposit Code CASINO400. November 11, 2023 ; Dolphin Ree Slot, Tournament, WGS; $179 Event for Red Stag. Raging Bull Welcome Deposit Bonus Coupon Code: MATCH350B. Code: $100 Event for all avid gamers Max Money-Out: Expires on 2023-11-12. Code: MEGAMONEY. Palace of Chance No Deposit Bonus $100; Cool Cat Casino No Deposit Bonus $100; Red Stag Casino No Deposit Bonus Codes; Slots of Vegas No Deposit Bonus $25; Raging Bull No Deposit Bonus Codes; Sun Palace Casino No Deposit Bonus Codes; Exclusive Casino No Deposit Bonus Codes; FreeSpin Casino No Deposit Bonus Codes; El Royale Casino No Deposit Codes Black Lotus Casino’s no deposit bonus is 50NASCAR, a free spins bonus. $30 No Deposit for Golden Lion Casino Bonus Code: CHANCE30 $30 No Deposit Bonus for All players Wager: 50xB Max Cash Out: $60 Expires on 2023-09-21 You can. The deposit bonus has a max amount of $1000. Your bonus code: 50CHIPBOT. Get 150% match bonus with this offer. We have 3 different Uptown Aces no deposit promo codes totaling $30 in free chips plus 10 free spins! You can redeem all our no deposit bonus codes as long as. Bonus for: New and. While you’ll find a few $100 no deposit bonus codes in 2023, usually this casino offer is small. Yabby Casino 200% No Rules Bonus for New Players. Red Stag Casino (2,990) Red Star Casino (16) Redbet Casino (2) Reel Vegas Casino (4) ReelEmperor Casino (2) Reels of Joy Casino (181)Jupiter Club Casino review. Sent by rena35Since 2002, red stag casino has been on the frontline in giving anyone who cares to sign up with them a rebranded and secure gambling environment. 350% deposit bonus . BONUS CODE: UPTOWN10 Uptown Aces Casino. ⭐ Choose your bonus from over 200+ no deposit casinos! Red Stag Casino No Deposit Bonus Codes 2023. Cool Cat Game Selection. Lincoln Casino No Deposit Bonus and Welcome Bonuses. Rollover. Play $2000 Tournament At Red Stag Casino, Get Red Stag Casino Tournament code, Use Tournament code: No Code Required - Posted on 2023-11-22 #477263. Make a deposit of $100 and. Red Stag Casino VISIT. Get bonus. 60X Playthrough. The bonus requires a minimum deposit of $20. Casino bonus code at Kudos Casino. Play Free Spin Casino. Use bonus code: LS15NOV. Casino Grand Bay review. Red Stag Casino Bonus Codes 2023 | Find the Best Red Stag Casino Coupons on Chipy. This deposit bonus is also sticky. Games allowed:. Deposit $25-$49 – get 150% casino bonus. Your bonus code: 10CHIPYFB. Bonus code: No Code – Auto in Cashier. Exclusive $100 No Deposit Bonus. This promotion is available to all new players that register an account. Load more casinos. Play $181 Tournament At Red Stag Casino, Get Red Stag Casino Tournament code, Use Tournament code: No Code Required - Posted on 2023-11-23. Wagering requirements: 30xB. Deposit: $20. 10 Free Spins at INetBet Casino. 5 of 5 stars. $100 Free Chip at Club Player Casino. Play Fair Go Casino. New users who join Red Stag from Australia and enter the coupon code RS15 will automatically receive a $15 no deposit bonus. For more details tap or click bonus. $25 Free Chip. If we want to calculate the WR for Bovada Casino’s 125% Bitcoin Welcome Bonus BTCCW1250 , this is how we’d set up the calculation: ( $100 Bonus Amount + $125 Deposit Amount) x 25x Rollover = $5,625 Wagering Requirement Amount. Red Stag Casino VISIT. Lucky Red Casino Bonus Codes and No Deposit Coupons 2023. CHBL47POKIES – 47 free spins with no deposit needed. ** Bonus Expires on 30 November, 2023. Code: CHIPY6-1123. The match has no max cash out. $4000 Bonus. Use the bonus code on the cashier to redeem it. Bonus Code. Bonus Code CASINO400: 400% Deposit Match Up to $4,000. 150% Bitcoin deposit bonus up to $750, redeemable 8x. Minimum Deposit: Free Wager: 50x Date Added: 26 Oct 2021 Bonus Code: 300FREE. First Time Deposit. Value of bonus ($100) x Wagering requirement ( {45x}) = Sum-total you have to wager ($4500) You will, therefore, have to wager $4500 using your bonus before you can withdraw your winnings. Maximum Cashout: $160. 100% Deposit Bonus:$2220. Bonus valid for: WGS Cherry Blossoms. Play. Bonus Code 35SPINS: 35 Free Spins No Deposit Bonus. These. With this bonus you can play: Crazy Cherr Slot. The codes must be redeemed in order. Deposit $20 with the code ELVES1 and get 100% match bonus. Valid for new players, until November 11th 2023 23:59 CST. 25 free spins on Achilles Slot for all recent depositors. Bonus valid for new and existing players. Credit Cards $25 and Crypto Currencies: $10 and $10 for all other methods.